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| Autonomous systems are systems capable of operating independently, making decisions and adapting to a changing environment without direct human intervention. This means that they can collect information about the environment, process it and, based on it, perform tasks in accordance with programmed goals, for a longer period of time and without the need for constant supervision. A key feature of autonomous systems is their ability to self-regulate and operate independently of external control. Autonomous systems use sensors (e.g. cameras, radars, ultrasonic sensors) to collect information about the environment. The collected data are processed, and decisions regarding further action are made on their basis. | Autonomous systems use sensors (e.g. cameras, radars, ultrasonic sensors) to collect information about the environment. The collected data are processed, and decisions regarding further action are made on their basis. What exactly is autonomy? The autonomy of a system can be defined as its ability to act according to its own goals, norms, internal states, and knowledge, without external human intervention. This means that autonomous systems are not limited to robots or unmanned vehicles. This definition includes any automatic functions that can reduce the level of workload or support the person driving the vehicle. |
| What exactly is autonomy? The autonomy of a system can be defined as its ability to act according to its own goals, norms, internal states, and knowledge, without external human intervention. This means that autonomous systems are not limited to robots or unmanned vehicles, well known as drones. This definition actually includes any automatic functions that can reduce the level of workload or support the person driving the vehicle. | |
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| Autonomous systems are those that make decisions and operate without human intervention based on data and predetermined rules. Such solutions use advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, neural networks, Internet of Things, and others to perform tasks independently. Autonomous systems are today's Industry 4.0 and are used in various areas, from robotics, through transport and logistics, to medicine and education. An example would be an autonomous car that makes decisions on its own based on data from sensors, or an autonomous transport vehicle (AGV, or Automated Guided Vehicles) designed to safely and efficiently transport loads in a warehouse, without the need for operator supervision. Another application of autonomous systems are production systems that, based on data from industrial sensors, automatically control production processes, control machines and optimize production. This allows for shortening production times, reducing production costs and increasing product quality. Autonomous systems are also used in transport and logistics, where they enable faster and more efficient delivery of goods. Thanks to the Internet of Things and monitoring systems, every stage of transport can be tracked, from loading to delivery, which allows for better control of the process. Autonomous systems are also used in medicine, where they act as a doctor's advisor and enable faster and more precise diagnosis of diseases, as well as more effective treatment of patients. These systems are also used in education, where they allow the adaptation of the teaching process to the individual needs of students and improvement of the teaching process. | Autonomous systems use advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, neural networks, Internet of Things, and others to perform tasks independently. Autonomous systems are today's Industry 4.0 and are used in various areas, from robotics, through transport and logistics, to medicine and education. An example would be an autonomous car that makes decisions on its own based on data from sensors, or an autonomous transport vehicle (AGV, or Automated Guided Vehicles) designed to safely and efficiently transport loads in a warehouse, without the need for operator supervision. Another application of autonomous systems are production systems that, based on data from industrial sensors, automatically control production processes, control machines and optimize production. This allows for shortening production times, reducing production costs and increasing product quality. Autonomous systems are also used in transport and logistics, where they enable faster and more efficient delivery of goods. Thanks to the Internet of Things and monitoring systems, every stage of transport can be tracked, from loading to delivery, which allows for better control of the process. Autonomous systems are becoming an increasingly important part of our lives, and their development and application will have an increasing impact on the future. |
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| Autonomous systems are becoming an increasingly important part of our lives, and their development and application will have an increasing impact on the future. | |
| This study focuses on autonomous control of unmanned ground, aerial, and marine vehicles. | Autonomous systems operate in fundamentally different physical environments across ground, marine, airborne, and space domains, and these environmental differences strongly influence system design, sensing, safety, and operational architecture. Ground systems operate in highly structured but unpredictable environments with dense obstacles, human interaction, and high-bandwidth connectivity, requiring real-time perception, fast reaction times, and robust human safety assurance. Marine systems operate in less structured but slower-moving three-dimensional environments with fewer obstacles, limited connectivity, and strong environmental disturbances such as waves, currents, and corrosion, placing greater emphasis on long-duration reliability, navigation robustness, and remote supervision. Airborne systems operate in three-dimensional, safety-critical environments governed by strict airspace control, requiring extremely high reliability, precise navigation, fault tolerance, and formal certification due to the severe consequences of failure. Space systems operate in the most extreme and isolated environment, characterized by radiation exposure, vacuum, extreme temperature variation, and long communication delays, making real-time human intervention impossible and requiring systems to be highly autonomous, fault-tolerant, and capable of operating independently for extended periods. As a result, autonomy architectures, safety requirements, sensing modalities, and verification approaches vary significantly across these domains, even though they share common underlying principles of perception, decision-making, and control. |
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| | Overall, autonomy is a transformational technology which will drive economic processes which will transform society. In order to be effective, autonomy must integrate with the critical elements of society, and the rest of this chapter will discuss these in more detail. |
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