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Table of Contents
Appendixes
| Domain | Primary Standards Body | Key Autonomy Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Ground | SAE | SAE J3016 |
| Ground | ISO | ISO 26262, ISO 21448 |
| Ground | UNECE | UN R157 |
| Airborne | RTCA | DO-178C, DO-365 |
| Airborne | FAA/EASA | UAV autonomy certification |
| Marine | IMO | MASS autonomy levels |
| Marine | DNV | Autonomous ship standards |
| Space | NASA | ALFUS autonomy framework |
| Space | CCSDS | Spacecraft autonomy protocols |
| Cross-domain | IEEE | IEEE 7000 series |
| Cross-domain | IEC | IEC 61508 |
| Cross-domain | NIST | AI Risk Management Framework |
Industries and Companies:
| Type | Description | Example Players (Companies / Organizations) |
|---|---|---|
| Regulators & Government Agencies | Define laws, certification pathways, and operational constraints for autonomous systems across domains (ground, air, marine, space). They translate legislation into enforceable rules and approvals. | NHTSA, FAA, EASA, International Maritime Organization, NASA, ESA |
| Standards Organizations / Industry Consortia | Develop technical standards, safety frameworks, and autonomy classification systems that regulators and industry rely on (e.g., SAE levels, ISO safety standards). | SAE International, ISO, IEEE, RTCA, ASTM |
| Legal & Advisory Firms | Interpret liability, compliance, and regulatory frameworks; support litigation, risk assessment, and policy strategy for autonomy deployments. | Baker McKenzie, DLA Piper, Latham & Watkins |
| Certification & Testing Authorities | Provide independent validation, certification audits, and compliance verification against safety standards (ASIL, DAL, etc.). Critical for market entry. | TÜV SÜD, UL Solutions, DNV |
| Simulation & Digital Twin Software Providers | Provide tools for scenario-based validation, digital twins, and V&V workflows across autonomy stacks (SIL/HIL, scenario generation, formal testing). | NVIDIA (DRIVE Sim), MathWorks, Ansys, Siemens |
| Test Track & Physical Testing Infrastructure Providers | Operate controlled environments for real-world validation (proving grounds, UAV corridors, maritime test ranges). Bridge sim-to-real validation. | American Center for Mobility, MCity, FAA UAV Test Sites |
Indutrial Use Case #1
Indutrial Use Case #2
Indutrial Use Case #3
