https://home.roboticlab.eu/ 2026-04-05T01:23:30+00:00 https://home.roboticlab.eu/ https://home.roboticlab.eu/_media/wiki/logo.png text/html 2025-09-02T11:27:40+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/practical/hardware/itt/avr/dc?rev=1756812460&do=diff DC motor Theory Permanent magnet DC motors are very common in different applications, where small dimensions, high power, and low price are essential. Due to their fairly high speed, they are used together with a transmission (to output a lower speed and higher torque). Permanent magnet DC motors have a relatively simple construction, and their control is straightforward. Although controlling is easy, their speed is not precisely determined by the control signal because it depends on several f… text/html 2025-09-02T11:23:48+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/practical/hardware/itt/avr/ir_distance?rev=1756812228&do=diff Infrared distance sensor Theory For measuring the distance to an object, there are optical sensors using the triangulation measuring method. The company “Sharp” produces the most common infra-red (IR) wavelength using distance sensors, which have an analogue voltage output. The sensors made by “Sharp” have an IR LED equipped with a lens, which emits a narrow light beam. After reflecting from the object, the beam will be directed through the second lens to a position-sensitive photo detector (P… text/html 2025-09-02T09:30:28+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/practical/hardware/itt/avr/lcd?rev=1756805428&do=diff LCD screen Theory A graphical LCD liquid crystal display is a display that allows displaying pictures and text. Its construction is similar to the alphanumeric LCD, with a difference that on the graphic display, all pixels are divided into a single large matrix. If we are dealing with a monochrome LCD, then a pixel is one square segment. In a color display, a pixel is formed of three subpixels. Each of the three subpixels lets only one colored light pass (red, green, or blue). Since the subp… text/html 2025-09-02T09:14:49+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/practical/hardware/itt/avr/led?rev=1756804489&do=diff Light-emitting Diode Theory A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when a forward voltage is applied. The acronym for light-emitting diode is LED. There are different color combinations of diodes, and the diodes can also emit white light. Like a standard diode, the LED has two contacts: an anode and a cathode. On drawings, the anode is marked as “+” and the cathode as “-“. text/html 2025-09-02T11:25:49+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/practical/hardware/itt/avr/photoresistor?rev=1756812349&do=diff Photoresistor Theory A photoresistor is a sensor whose electrical resistance is altered depending on the light intensity falling on it. The more intense the light, the more free carriers are formed and therefore the lower the resistance of the element. Two exterior metal contacts of the photoresistor reach through the ceramic base material to the light-sensitive membrane, which determines the electrical resistance properties with its geometry and material properties. Since photo-sensitive mate… text/html 2025-09-02T09:21:32+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/practical/hardware/itt/avr/segment_display?rev=1756804892&do=diff 7-segment LED display Theory A 7-segmented LED number-indicator is a display that consists of 7 LEDs positioned in the shape of the number 8. By lighting or switching off the corresponding LEDs (segments), it is possible to display numbers from 0 to nine as well as some letters. text/html 2025-09-02T11:28:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/practical/hardware/itt/avr/servo?rev=1756812506&do=diff Servomotor Theory RC (radio-controlled) servo-motors are very common actuator devices in robotics and model building. RC servo motors consist of a small DC motor, a reduction gear, and a control logic device. Usually, the rotor of the servo motor moves to a certain position and tries to maintain that position. The position of the rotor depends on the control signal received by the servo motor. Depending on the type of motor, the maximum revolving angle of the motor may differ. Servo motors tha… text/html 2025-09-02T11:30:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/practical/hardware/itt/avr/stepper?rev=1756812600&do=diff Stepper motor Theory Stepper motors are widely used in applications that demand accuracy. Unlike DC motors, stepper motors do not have brushes or a commutator – they have several independent coils, which are commutated with exterior electronics (drivers). Rotating the rotor is done by commutating coils step by step, without feedback. This is one of the faults in stepper motors – in case of mechanical overloading, when the rotor is not rotating, the steps will be mixed up and movement becomes i… text/html 2025-09-02T09:45:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/practical/hardware/itt/avr/thermistor?rev=1756806319&do=diff Thermistor Theory A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies with temperature. There are two types of thermistors: positive temperature coefficient of resistance and negative temperature coefficient of resistance. The resistance of thermistors with a positive temperature coefficient of resistance increases when the temperature grows, and with a negative coefficient, the resistance decreases. The respective abbreviations are PTC (