https://home.roboticlab.eu/ 2026-04-05T05:50:07+00:00 https://home.roboticlab.eu/ https://home.roboticlab.eu/_media/wiki/logo.png text/html 2024-03-05T13:43:44+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/actuators?rev=1709646224&do=diff Actuators and Output Devices [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] An output device is a unit that changes an electrical signal coming from the microcontroller into the physical parameter. It can generate or modify light, sound, force, pressure and other physical values that influence other devices nearby or the surrounding environment. Some output elements can be connected directly to the microcontroller's pins… text/html 2023-11-23T10:39:37+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/actuators_light?rev=1700735977&do=diff Optical Output Devices [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] Light-Emitting Diode Unlike the other diodes, the light-emitting diode, also called LED, is a particular type that emits light. LED has an entirely different body, which is made of transparent plastic that protects the diode and lets it emit light (figure text/html 2023-11-23T10:39:48+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/actuators_mechanical?rev=1700735988&do=diff Electromechanical Devices [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] Relay Relays are electromechanical devices that use electromagnets to connect or disconnect the plates of a switch. Relays are used to control high-power circuits with low-power circuits. Both circuits are electrically isolated; thus, the control logic is protected from high voltage, sometimes from the power mains. Relays are used in household appliance automation, lighting and climate … text/html 2023-11-23T11:26:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/actuators_motors?rev=1700738760&do=diff Actuators [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] Actuators are devices that can do a physical action to the surrounding world. Most actuators are based on one of the forms of electric motors, sometimes directly, sometimes using a gearbox and advanced control logic. An electric motor is an electromechanical device which can turn electrical energy into mechanical energy. The motor turns because the electricity in its winding generates a magnetic field t… text/html 2023-11-23T10:39:58+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/actuators_sound?rev=1700735998&do=diff Sound Output Devices [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] Speaker Speakers are electroacoustic devices that convert electrical signals into sound waves. A speaker uses a permanent magnet and a coil attached to the membrane. Sound signal flowing through the coil creates an electromagnetic field with variable strength; the coil attracts a magnet according to the strength of the field, thus making a membrane vibrate and creating a sound wave. text/html 2024-05-27T11:31:54+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/arduino?rev=1716809514&do=diff Arduino General Overview [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] No doubt, Arduino became the most widespread name in the development boards world, particularly among enthusiasts, educators, amateurs, and hobbyists, driving de-facto the embedded systems market for years. Using cheap Atmel AVR microcontrollers, delivered along with development board and peripherals of almost any kind, including sensors and actuators, where you do not need to develop yo… text/html 2024-05-27T11:16:53+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/esp32?rev=1716808613&do=diff ESP32 General Information [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] ESP32 is a low-cost, low-power system on a chip (SoC) series microcontroller with WiFi & dual-mode Bluetooth capabilities . ESP32 SoC is highly integrated with built-in antenna switches, power amplifiers, low-noise receive amplifiers, filters, and power management modules. Inside all families of ESP32, there is a single-core or dual-core Tensilica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor with a clock ra… text/html 2024-08-25T11:51:25+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/esp32c?rev=1724586685&do=diff ESP32-Cx Family [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] ESP32-C2 General Information The ESP32-C2 (ESP8684) family is a series of microcontrollers developed by Espressif Systems. It's based on the RISC-V architecture and is designed to offer ultra-low power and small size for various IoT (Internet of Things) applications. This family of microcontrollers has been designed to target simple, high-volume, and low-data-rate IoT applications, such as smart… text/html 2024-05-27T11:09:03+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/esp32h?rev=1716808143&do=diff ESP32-Hx Family [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] ESP32-H2 ESP32-H2 General Information ESP32-H2 is a family of microcontrollers (SoC) that combines IEEE 802.15.4 connectivity with Bluetooth 5 (LE). The system does not have a Wi-Fi protocol, but Thread and Zigbee protocols are available. ESP32-H2 has been certified as a “Zigbee-Compliant Platform” and has officially become a “Thread-Certified 1.3.0 Component”. The SoC is powered by a single-cor… text/html 2024-05-27T11:15:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/esp32s?rev=1716808510&do=diff ESP32-Sx Family [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] ESP32-S2 ESP32-S2 General Information The Espressif ESP32-S2 family is a series of low-power, single-core microcontrollers built on the Espressif IoT platform. They feature a highly integrated SoC (System on Chip) architecture, combining a CPU, WiFi connectivity, and various peripherals in a compact package. The ESP32-S2 chips are designed for IoT applications, smart home devices, wearables and … text/html 2024-05-27T11:17:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/esp8266?rev=1716808639&do=diff ESP 8xxx Family [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] At the moment, the ESP 8xxx family includes the following chips: * ESP8266EX (figure ), * ESP8285 (figure ). [ ESP8266EX chip][ ESP8285 chip] The ESP8285 module continues the ESP8266 line with 1 MB of built-in flash, higher integration, and reduced dimensions. text/html 2023-11-23T11:07:59+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/espressif?rev=1700737679&do=diff Espressif Family [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] Arduino and a vast amount of peripheral boards lack integration of the networking capabilities in one SoC. Espressif ESP series was the natural answer for this disadvantage as their ESP 8266 with integrated WiFi, introduced in 2014, is widely recognised as a turning point for the IoT market, delivering de-facto fully functional IoT chip, providing high performance and low power to the end users an… text/html 2023-11-23T10:33:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/microcontrollers?rev=1700735587&do=diff Most Noticeable Platforms [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] The IoT market is an emerging one. New hardware solutions appear almost daily, while others disappear quickly. At the moment of writing the first version of this book (2016-2019), some hardware solutions that seemed prominent for at least a couple of years existed. After a few years, while the 2nd edition of the publication is being prepared (2023–2… text/html 2023-11-23T11:10:45+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/nrf52?rev=1700737845&do=diff Nordic Semiconductor [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] Nordic Semiconductor is a company established in Norway that develops and produces exciting electronic elements capable of transmitting data with radio signals. Among other advanced chips, their portfolio includes the nRF52 family of SoCs, which support low-power radio communication with chosen popular protocols, including Bluetooth Low Energy, ZigBee, NFC, Matter and Thread. They achieved hig… text/html 2023-11-23T10:39:05+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/other_sensors?rev=1700735945&do=diff Other Sensors [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] Hall sensor A Hall effect sensor detects strong magnetic fields, their polarities and the relative strength of the field. In the Hall effect sensors, a magnetic force influences current flow through the semiconductor material and creates a measurable voltage on the sides of the semiconductor. Sensors with analogue output can measure the strength of the magnetic field, while digital sensors give text/html 2024-03-05T14:12:54+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/powering?rev=1709647974&do=diff Powering of the IoT Devices [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] IoT requires a constant and reliable power source to operate devices, sensors, and communication effectively. The choice of power source for IoT devices is from traditional batteries to cutting-edge energy harvesting technologies. The factors influencing the choice are: text/html 2023-11-23T11:08:31+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/raspberrypi?rev=1700737711&do=diff Raspberry Pi General Information [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation to promote modern computer science in schools and create electronic communities. Adding the 40-pin GPIO connector to the computer board allows developers to improve their programming skills and opens new horizons in controlling processes and devices unavailable for deskto… text/html 2023-11-23T16:11:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/sensors?rev=1700755860&do=diff Sensors and Sensing [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] A sensor is an element that can turn a physical outer stimulus into an output signal, which can then be used for further analysis, management, or making decisions (figure ). People also use sensors like eyes, ears and skin to gain information about the outer world and act according to their aims and needs. Sensors can be divided into many categories accor… text/html 2024-05-23T19:44:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/sensors_angle?rev=1716493458&do=diff Angle & Orientation Sensors [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] The Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) An IMU is an electronic device that consists of an accelerometer, gyroscope, and sometimes a magnetometer. The combination of these sensors returns the object's orientation in 3D space. IMU sensors can present the object's current position and movement, expressed with at most six values called the DOF (Degrees Of Freedom). Three values represent the… text/html 2024-05-27T12:02:28+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/sensors_distance?rev=1716811348&do=diff Proximity and Distance Sensors [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] Infrared Sensor An infrared (IR) proximity sensor detects objects and measures distance without physical contact. IR sensor consists of an infrared emitter, a receiving sensor or array of sensors and a signal processing logic. The output of a sensor differs depending on the type – simple proximity detection sensor outputs text/html 2024-05-27T11:58:52+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/sensors_electric?rev=1716811132&do=diff Electrical Characteristic Sensors [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] Electrical characteristic sensors measure the voltage and amperage of the electric current. When the voltage and current sensors are used concurrently, the device's consumed power can be determined. Electrical characteristic sensors can also determine whether the device's circuit is working correctly. Different sensor circuits must be used to measure direct current (DC) and altern… text/html 2024-05-27T12:07:29+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/sensors_environment?rev=1716811649&do=diff Environment Sensors [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] Temperature Sensor A temperature sensor is a device used to determine the temperature of the surrounding environment. Most temperature sensors work on the principle that the material's resistance changes depending on its temperature. The most common temperature sensors are: text/html 2023-11-23T10:37:54+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/sensors_light?rev=1700735874&do=diff Light Sensors [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] Photoresistor A photoresistor is a sensor that perceives light waves from the environment. The resistance of the photoresistor is changing depending on the intensity of light. The higher the intensity of the light, the lower the sensor's resistance. A light level is determined by applying a constant voltage through the resistor to the sensor, forming a voltage divider, and measuring the resulting v… text/html 2023-11-23T10:38:05+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/sensors_optical?rev=1700735885&do=diff Optical Sensors [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] Optocoupler An optocoupler is a device that combines light-emitting and receiving devices in one package. Mainly, it combines the infrared light-emitting diode (LED) and a phototransistor. There are three main types of optocouplers: text/html 2023-11-23T10:37:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/sensors_touch?rev=1700735863&do=diff Touch Sensors [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] Button A pushbutton is an electromechanical sensor that connects or disconnects two points in a circuit when force is applied. The button output discrete value is either HIGH or LOW (figure ). [ Pushbutton] A microswitch, also called a miniature snap-action switch, is an electromechanical sensor that requires very little physical force and uses a tipping-point mechanism. The microswitch has three … text/html 2023-11-23T11:08:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://home.roboticlab.eu/en/iot-open/hardware2/stm32?rev=1700737696&do=diff STM32 [ General audience classification icon ][ General audience classification icon ] The STM32 family is developed and manufactured by STMicroelectronics. They are considered advanced and efficient and are known for great technical documentation, versatility, performance, energy efficiency, and reliability. They are also highly configurable and provide a wide range of features.